TypeScript Cheat Sheet

Types, variables and functions

Command-line interface for Angular - set of commands that will help us during development.

Basic variable types

Type	Example	Notes
number	let myNumber: number = 6	Represent all numbers : integer, float, hex etc.
string	let fullName: string = Bob Bobbington	Text with all text functions (indexOf, replace etc.)
boolean	let isTrue: boolean = true	true/false value
Array	let list: Array = [1, 2, 3]	Shorter version: let list: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
Tuple	let x: [string, number] = ['test', 2];	Array contains ains items with various types
any	let x: any = 2;	Everything can be assigned to value with any type
Enum	enum Color {Red, Blue }	Usage: let c: Color = Color.Blue;
Never	function fail(): never {while(true) {}}	Indicating that something never should happen
Null or undefined	let u: undefined = undefined;	In TS there is dedicated type for null and undefined
Object	let x:Object = {id: 2};	Represents any object
Function	let myFn:Function = function() {...}	Represents any function

Destructing and spread

This is ES functionality

Spread

Spread can be used to merge two object or arrays:

let first = [1, 2];
let second = [3, 4];
let both = [0, ...first, ...second, 5];
}

both variable is equal to [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

Same for objects:

let first = { id: 2 };
let second = { name: "test", ...first };
}

Second is equal to {name: "test", id: 2 }

Destructuring

Reversed spread - we can split one object into multiple

let input = [1, 2];
let [first, second] = input;
}

first is equal to 1 and second is equal to 2

We can also use "..." operator

let input = [1, 2, 3];
let [first, ...rest] = input;
}

first is equal to 1

rest is equal to [2, 3]

Array functions

This is ES functionality

var numArray: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3]; // number[] can be used instead of Array<number> 
var numArray2: Array<number> = [4,5];
var stringArray: Array<number> = ["a", "b", "c"];

var objectArray: Array<User> = [
  {name: "Iva", age: 31},
  {name: "John", age: 39},
  {name: "Monica", age: 22}
]; 

Function	Result	Notes
concat	numArray.concat(numArray2) -> [1,2,3,4,5]	Push values from one array to another and return it as a new array
every	objectArray.every(x=> x.age > 20) -> true	Check if all items are passing condition
some	objectArray.some(x=> x.age > 30) -> true	Check if any item is passing condition
filter	objectArray.filter(x=> x.age >= 35)) -> [{name: "Iva", age: 39}]	Get only items which are passing condition
forEach	numArray.forEach(x=> console.log(x))	Perform some logic for each array item
join	stringArray.join(",") -> "a,b,c"	Merge text items into one value (add ',' between)
indexOf	stringArray.indexOf("b") -> 1	Return index(position) array item
map	stringArray.map(x => x + "1") -> ["a1", "b1", "c1"]	Create new array/object applying some logic for each element
push	stringArray.push("d") -> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]	Add element to the end of the array
unshift	stringArray.unshift("d") -> ["d", "a", "b", "c"]	Add element to the begin of the array
reduce	numArray.reduce((x, y) => x + y) -> 16	Merge array into one value performing some logic on a way
shift	numArray.shift() -> [2, 3]	Removes the first element from an array and returns it.
sort	["b", "c", "a"].sort((x,y) => x > y) -> ["a", "b", "c"]	Sort array by some logic

Functions

This is ES functionality

Type	Example
Named function	function add(x: number, y:number): number {}
Anonymous function	let myAdd = function(x: number, y: number = 1): number
Arrow function	myArrowAdd = (x: number, y:number): number

Classes

Sample class:

class NewGreeter {
   private greeting: string; 
   constructor(message: string) { 
    this.greeting = message;
   }

   greet() {
    return "Hello, " + this.greeting;
   }
}

var greeter = new Greeter('friend');

Notes:

1. Only one constructor inside a class

2. constructor(this message: string) will automatically create message property and assign to its value from message property

3. Instead of private - public or protected can be used

Inheritance

class MyObject {
   protected value = 0;
   static staticValue = 0;

   getValue() {
    return this.value;
   }
}
class ChildObject extends MyObject {
   getParentValue() {
    return this.value;
   }
 }

Accessors

TypeScript supports getters/setters as a way of intercepting accesses to a member of an object. You can add logic while the property is changing value or it is read by something

private _value = 0;
get value(): number {
	return this.value;
}
set value(newValue: number): void {
	this.value = newValue;
}

Abstract class

Abstract classes are base classes from which other classes may be derived. They may not be instantiated directly. Unlike an interface, an abstract class may contain implementation details for its members.

abstract class MyAbstractObject {
    constructor(public value: string) { }
    abstract getValue(): string; 
}

getValue function must be implemented in derived classes. A derived class must also call super() in a constructor, example:

abstract class MyAbstractObject extends Department {
    constructor() {
       super("test value");
    }
    getValue(): string {
       // some logic here
    }
}

Interfaces

A class or struct that implements the interface must implement the members of the interface that are specified in the interface definition. The interface is the only skeleton for our classes implementing them

Interface for object

interface MyObject {
     label: string 
}

function MyFunction(obj: MyObject) 

obj parameter has to contain label property

Interface for class

interface ComesFromString {
    name: string;
}

class MadeFromString implements ComesFromString {
    constructor (public name: string) {

    }
}

class MadeFromString has to contain 'name' property

obj parameter has to contain label property

Index signature

Index signature can be used to allow object/class contain multiple different properties with the same type, for example, we have such an interface:

interface MyObject {
	[propName: string]: string
}

and MyObject that is implementing it.

Sample correct implementation of IMyObject:

let MyObject: MyObject  = {
	fistName: 'test',
	lastName: 'test'
}

Sample incorrect implementation of IMyObject:

let MyObject: MyObject  = {
	firstName: 'test',
	age: 2
}

Because age is number and our index signature indicate that our properties should have a string type

Generics

Sometimes same function/class/object can be used with different types and we don't want to declare it to one specific type. We can use generic type then

Example:

function changeUndefinedToNull<T>(value: T): T {
	return (typeof value !== "undefined") ? value : null;
}

and now it can be used with diffrent types used for value parameter:

const result = changeUndefinedToNull<string>("Test");

const result = changeUndefinedToNull<number>(21);

const result = changeUndefinedToNull<Object>({name: "Test"});

More than just one generic type can be used:

function doSth<T,Y> (value: T, category: Y) {}

Extending generics

Generic classes can be extended - it can be the implementation of some interface/object. Extending allow your object to inherit the features of another object type, so can be used for instance when you expect that object will contain some of properties or functions that will be used further.

Example:

function mySubStr<T extends string>(arg: T): string {
	return arg.substr(1, 10);
}

arg has to object that is equal or extending string, for example, string or:

interface ExtendedString extends String{
	newStringFunction(): number
}

mySubStr(arg: ExtendedString);

another example - let's assume that we need to use length property from our object, so we would like to be sure that this property will exist in object. Let's create ILengthwise interface:

interface ILengthwise {
   length: number
}

and now we can use it to ensure that our generic will contain length property:

function doSthWithLength<T extends ILengthwise>(arg: T): number {
	return arg.length;  // we can be sure that length property exists here
}

Enums

Enums allow us to define a set of named constants and then used them like a dictionary.

Sample enum:

enum Direction {
	Up ,
	Down = 1,  // custom values can be assigned to enums
	Left,
	Right,
}

usage:

function move(direction: Direction): void {
	if(direction == Direction.Up) {
		// some code here
	}
}

Constant and computed enum members

Some enum members have pre-set value and some members are computed during compilation

enum FileAccess {
    // constant members
    None,
    Read    = 1 << 1,
    Write   = 1 << 2,
    ReadWrite  = Read | Write,
    // computed member
    G = "123".length,
    F = Read + Write
}

Reverse enum member

enum MyEnum {
	A, 
	B
}
const member = MyEnum[0];

member variable is equal to "A"

Advanced types

Types intersection and union

Intersection

interface Type1 {name: string;}
interface Type2 {age: number}

let myObject: Type1 & Type2

Type1 & Type2 means that there will be object containing properties both from Type1 & Type2

Sample correct myObject value:

myObject = {name: "test", age: 33}

Sample incorrect myObject values:

myObject = {name: "test"}

myObject = {name: "test", age: "test"}

Union

const value: string | boolean 

Value can be string OR boolean.

It is correct:

value = "Test";

value = true

and that is incorrect:

value = 2

Type guards

Type guard can be used to tell TypeScript what type is any value in a specific block of code.

Sample Type Guard implementation:

function isNumber(x: any): x is number {
    return (<number>x).toPrecision !== undefined;
}

Sample Type Guard usage

function doSth<T>(value: T) {
    if (isNumber(value)) {
	return value.toPrecision; // it's ok as TypeScript know that here value is number
    } else {
	return value.toPrecision; // Error - we don't have access to toPrecision here
    } 
}

thanks to 'x is number' typescript know in which scope we have access to toPrecision

Type aliases

Own custom types can be declared, for example

type MyType<T> = { parameter: T};

Usage:

let myVariable: MyType<string> = {parameter: "Test"}
let myVariable: MyType<string> = {parameter: 2}

Difference between Types and Interfaces

Types

Create a tree structure for an object. You can't do the same with the interface because of lack of intersection (&)

type Tree<T> = T & { parent: Tree<T> };

type to restrict a variable to assign only a few values. Interfaces don't have union (|)

type Choise = "A" | "B" | "C"

thanks to types, you can declare NonNullable type thanks to a conditional mechanism.

type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T;

Interfaces You can use interface for OOP and use 'implements' to define object/class skeleton

interface UserBase {
    user: string;
    password: string;
    login: (user: string, password: string) => boolean;
}

class User implements UserBase {
    user = "user1"
    password = "password1"

    login(user: string, password: string) {
        return (user == user && password == password)
    }
}

You can extend interfaces with other interfaces

interface MyObject {
	label: string,
}

interface MyObjectWithSize extends MyObject{
	size?: number
}

Conditional types

Generic types can be different depending on some condition

type MyStringType<T> = T extends string ? string : Text;

if T extends string (contains all string properties and functions) then it will be a string type. Otherwise, it will be our custom Text type.

another example:

type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T;

NonNullable type will check if a avalue isn't equal to null or undefined (it should never be equal to null or undefined)

Index types

keyof keyword is indicating all keys for specifed object, for example:

type testType = keyof {id: "test", age: 2} ;

only "id" or "age" values can be assigned to variable with 'testType' type

Example 2:

interface IMyInterface {
    id: number;
    name: string;
}

type Keys = {id: 1, name: "T" }[keyof IMyInterface];

using [keyof ...] instead of "keyof" before object means that we are revesing keyof behavior and now only 1 and "T" can be assigned to value with Keys type (values, not property keys)

Example 3:

type Key<T> = { [K in keyof T]: K }[keyof T];

This will point to all keys in the T object (just like keyof T). But this construction can be used to for example check type of keys:

type FunctionPropertyNames<T> = { [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends Function ? K : never }[keyof T];

This type will require values equal to keys of T object, but only these ones which are functions

Infer

"Within the extends clause of a conditional type, it is now possible to have infer declarations that introduce a type variable to be inferred. Such inferred type variables may be referenced in the true branch of the conditional type. It is possible to have multiple infer locations for the same type variable."

Example:

type MyUnionTypesBase<T> = T extends Array<infer U> ? U : never;
let myValue : MyUnionTypesBase<[number, string, boolean]>;

My value can be type number | string | boolean (number or string or boolean)

Symbols

Instead of using normal string keys in object it can be used predefined and assigned to variable Symbol example:

const getSthSymbol = Symbol("getSth");

class SampleClass {
    [getSthSymbol](){
	return "something";
    }
}

Symbols are unique

let sym2 = Symbol("key");
let sym3 = Symbol("key");

sym2 is not equal to sym3 (sym2 != sym3)

Modules

Import and export mechanism (between files and objects)

Example:

data.ts file

export class DataClass {
    ...
}
export interface Operations {
...
}

Import other file

import {DataClass as ImportedDataClass} from './data.ts'

Import all:

import * from './data.ts'

Namespaces

Encapsulated scope of classes, objects, functions, interfaces and others.

Example:

namespace UserArea {
	export interface IUser {}
	export class User {}
		class Person {
	}
}
let user = UserArea.User;

Ambient modules

Encapsulated scope of classes, objects, functions, interfaces, and others - that is available to export/import. "We call declarations that don’t define an implementation “ambient”. Typically, these are defined in .d.ts files. "

Example

declare module "path" {
	export function normalize(p: string): string;
	export function join(...paths: any[]): string;
	export var sep: string;
}

and then we can import it

import * as URL from „path"

replace global function

Some functions in JS are global and we may have not type for them. We can use 'declare' keyword here

declare const System: OurSystemObject;

Decorators

"Decorators provide a way to add both annotations and a meta-programming syntax for class declarations and members."

 function customMethodDecorator(value: string) {
    return function (target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {  
	descriptor.value = () => {
	    return "Hello, " + value;
	}
    };
}

it will change return value of decorated function so it will return "Hello " + value from decorator

@customMethodDecorator("here is hacker")
    greet() {
	return "Hello, " + this.greeting;
    }

greet() will return "Hello, here is hacker"

Generators

Loops can be executed "step by step"

Example:

function* idMaker(){
	let index = 0;
	while(index < 3)
		yield index++;
}

let gen = idMaker();

let value;
value = gen.next().value // result 1
value = gen.next().value // result 2
value = gen.next().value // result 3

Interview questions

Q: What is Tuple type?

A: Array contains items with various types. See types

Q: When never type can be useful?

A: Never is information that this particular part shouldn't be reachable. For example in this code

function do(): never {
    while (true) {}
}

we have an infinite loop and we don't want to iterate infinite loop. Simply as that.

But a real question is how can it be useful for us? It might be helpful for instance while creating more advanced types to point what they are not

For example, let's declare our own NonNullable type:

type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T;

Here we are checking if T is null or undefined. If it is then we are pointing that it should never happen. Then while using this type:

let value: NonNullable<string>;
value = "Test";
value = null; // error

Q: What is a difference between named, anonymous and arrow functions?

A: See basic function types

Q: How many constructors can be implemented for class

A: Only one - there is no overloading for TypeScript class constructor

Q: What is a difference between "extends" and "implements"

A: Classes can extend other classes or objects, but when it comes to interfaces then they should be implemented

For MyObject

class ChildObject extends MyObject 

For IMyObject

class ChildObject extends IMyObject 

Q: What is a difference between types and interfaces?

A: See Difference between types and interfaces

Q: What is keyof?

A: keyof keyword is indicating all keys for specifed object, for example:

type testType = keyof {id: "test", age: 2} ;

testType = "id" | "age"

See Index types

Q: What is tsconfig.json file?

A: File specifies the root files and the compiler options required to compile the project.

Q: What is computed enum value?

A: Computed value will be assigned during compilation. See Enum computed value

Q: What are files with the d.ts extension for?

A: They are usually module template file where we can keep typings for JS code.

Q: List few predefined conditional types in TypeScript

A:

Exclude<T, U> – Exclude from T those types that are assignable to U.

Extract<T, U> – Extract from T those types that are assignable to U.

NonNullable – Exclude null and undefined from T.

ReturnType – Obtain the return type of a function type.

InstanceType – Obtain the instance type of a constructor function type.

See TypeScript 2.8

Q: What will be type box here?

interface MyInterface {
name: string;
}

interface MyInterface {
   age: number;
}

let box: MyInterface 

A: {name: string, age: number};

Q: What is 'unknown' type in TypeScript?

A: Unknown is used to describe the least-capable type in TypeScript. It doesn't allow typical operations for a particular type

function f10(x: unknown) {
	x == 5;
	x = "5";
	x = x + 1; // not allowed
	x = null; 
	x > 0  // not allowed
	x.Test() // not allowed
}

Q: Can typescript be used without JavaScript?

A: No, TypeScript is compiled to JavaScript, so it can't be used without it

Q: What is DefinitelyTyped repository?

A: It's GitHub repository with already written types for most popular JS libraries. They can be installed by npm with @types prefix, for example npm install @types/node